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Pathologies - 6. page

The reflux laringopatia

The acid produced by the stomach can go up through the esophagus and pharynx and larynx reach level. The esophagus is a robust organ from symptoms (heartburn, substernal, algie) only after being stressed out a lot by acid. The pharynx and especially the larynx are otherwise very delicate organs and a few drops of gastric acid to cause symptoms.
The symptoms of acid reflux is very nuanced and non-specific laringopatia.

Patients may complain:
-pharyngolaryngeal burning
-chronic dry cough
-foreign body sensation
-dysphonia
-need to scrape the voice

laringopatiadareflussoSymptoms may indicate this problem, to clarify the diagnosis and to rule out more serious especially morbid situations it is important to flexible fiberoptic transnasal in case the symptoms are present for more than 2 weeks.

Typical sign mucosal hyperemia mucous will carilage or mucous, thus.

 

Once you know the diagnosis you should perform careful diet and behavioral norms to reduce gastroesophageal reflux and, at the discretion of the specialist, a drug therapy. The results of the therapy become evident usually after at least 2 weeks

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Otosclerosis

L ’ dell ’ disease middle ear and hearing test procedure which determine hearing loss. The mechanisms of Otosclerosis are not completely known, seems to be a strong genetic component with a presumed autosomal dominant transmission mostly incomplete. L ’ Otosclerosis affects mainly women (with a report 2:1) and when life tends to involve both ears.

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Thyroidectomy

Thyroidectomy is removal of the thyroid gland surgery ’.
It is necessary in the event of:
-malignant tumor suspicion or ascertained
-goiter (or struma) whose volume is important and goes to cause cosmetic problems or deviation of the trachea or dyspnoea or dysphagia
-hyperthyroidism is no longer controllable with medical therapy
-graves ' disease with ophthalmopathy Continue reading →

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BMI calculator

 

The BMI (Body Mass Index) or body mass index is a useful parameter to assess the degree of a person's weight gain, based on weight and height

Height cm
Weight kg
    
IMC (BMI)    
Result     

It is measured by dividing the body weight (in kg) by the square of height (in meters). BMI threshold values recommended by the World Health Organization to define the condition of underweight, normal weight, adult overweight and obesity were recently unified for men and women:

  • BMI less than 18,5 = underweight
  • BMI between 18,5 and 24,9 = normal weight
  • BMI between 25 and 29,9 = overweight
  • BMI between 30 and 34,9 = 1° degree of obesity
  • BMI between 35 and 39,9 = 2° degree of obesity
  • BMI greater than 40 = 3° degree of obesity

 

 

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Oral papillomas – oropharynx

2 small papillomas of the soft palate
2 small papillomas of the soft palate

Oral papillomas are benign lesions and ’ from the ’ small oropharynx caused Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Are generally caused by HPV types that are less likely to evolve to a malignant tumor. We recommend their removal as it can spread to healthy mucous to other parties. The transmission is solely from a human being all ’ other and predominantly through sex. In most cases, you can excise them by a simple operation under local anesthesia

Oral cavity and oropharynx Pathologies ENT disorders of interest | adminpilolli |

Sjogren's syndrome

Coronal MRI image of PCs affected by Sjogren's with important right Parotid swelling of gh
Coronal MRI image of PCs affected by Sjogren's with important right Parotid swelling of gh

And’ a slowly progressive autoimmune disease, organ-specific systemic manifestations which is characterized by sweeping, the most important of which are represented by diminished salivary and lacrimal secretion which can cause keratoconjunctivitis Sicca respectively (xerophthalmia) and xerostomia (dry mouth). Often you can see the enlargement of the parotid glands. All Exocrine glands may be involved and therefore this syndrome is also referred to as a "esocrinopatia, autoimmune".

Sjogren's syndrome can exist in isolation (primary forms) or in combination with other immunopathological diseases (secondary forms making up about 60% of cases), predominantly in association with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis.

Hits the 2% of the population and mostly female sex with a women:men of 9:1 Continue reading →

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Vocal cord paralysis

The 2 vocal chords are the structures that make it possible to produce sound by modulating the voice.

The vocal cords can stop moving or partially (paresis) or completely (paralysis). Their lack of mobility may be due either to a mass that blocks (carcinomas) or block of arytenoid articulation between the ’ ’ and the cricoid cartilage (rare, for arthritic phenomena, traumatic or necrosis of cartilage) or, most frequent situation, for a non-nervous control of the vocal cords (ricorrenziale palsy).
Nerve pathways may be broken or the central nervous system or peripheral level. Your vocal chords are controlled by the inferior laryngeal nerves (or recurrent nerves) that detach from the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve) in the cervical, descend down to chest level (right subclavian artery and left surround ’ surround l l ’ aortic arch) and then go back into the neck (Why are also called recurrent nerves) going to innervate the larynx. Rarely, to the right, the inferior laryngeal nerve can go to innervate the larynx directly without descending into the thorax (recurrent nerve not applicable).

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The nasal bone fractures

TCFONAre very frequent, can be isolated or associated with other cranial fractures.
Are composed and decomposed, the first do not require treatment, can affect the nasal bones and/or the septum.

Can be classified into side and front trauma fractures.
In those side can be affected by trauma 3 plans as a function of increasing kinetic:
I floor: ipsilateral nasal bones with evident sinking;
II floor: nasal septum and nasal bones contralateral;
III floor: fracture of the frontal process of the maxilla and lacrimal bone with possible fragmentation and damage lacrimal apparatus.

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L ’ epistaxis

Epistaxis from the television series Scrubs
Epistaxis from the television series Scrubs

Epistaxis, namely bleeding from the nose is not a disease but a symptom of local or systemic diseases.

Systemic causes (60-70%): arterial hypertension, antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants, bleeding disorders, piastrinopatie, piastrinopenie, liver failure, kidney failure, scurvy.

Local causes (30-40%): microtrauma from scratching and foreign objects (especially in children), small varicose veins, nasal trauma, facial tissues, craniofacial, rhinitis, Granulomatous rhinitis, vasomotor phenomena (excessive sun exposure), irritating dust, benign tumors (bleeding polyps septal, juvenile fibroangioma), trophic ulcer of nasal septum (cocaine, chrome, cement), malignant tumors (typically cause brownish discharge, streaked with blood), post surgical, Telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler).

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The precancerous and malignant tumors of the vocal cords

Even the mucous membranes of the larynx and in particular of the vocal cords can degenerate form of malignant tumors (predominantly squamous cell carcinomas).

This phenomenon occurs mostly in patients who smoke or who drink alcohol are chronically.

The degenerative process is a long process, characterized by several stages that are collected in the generic definition of Squamous intraepithelial lesions (Sils). Some types of SILs are self-limiting and reversible, Some are stable, other proceeding inexorably towards the SCC, Despite an adequate follow-up and treatment.

Leukoplakia of the middle third of the vocal chord left
Leukoplakia of the middle third of the vocal chord left

The most frequently used classification is the one offered by the World Health Organization (Who) in 2005, distinguishing laryngeal precancerous in:
1-Squamous cell hyperplasia: We observe an increased cell proliferation that can affect the level cell carcinoma of the skin, in this case we speak of Acanthosis, or prebasali or basal layers; the architecture is smooth and lacks atypia
2-Mild dysplasia: architectural alteration accompanied by atypia, limited to the lower third of the epithelium
3-Moderate dysplasia: interesting architectural alteration the middle third of the epithelium, with prominent nucleoli and nuclear abnormalities presenting cells, no abnormal mitosis. The lesions may be associated with Actinic
4-Severe dysplasia: interesting more than two-thirds of the epithelium, with prominent architectural anomalies, atypia, obvious nuclear abnormalities, loss of maturation, nuclear pleomorphism, bizarre nuclei. We observe an increased number of mitosis. Severe dysplasia has the same risk of developing invasive carcinoma of carcinoma in situ
5-Carcinoma in situ: that is a malignant transformation that does not invade the basement membrane

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