For dysphagia means difficulty in swallowing solid foods and liquids
Main causes of dysphagia:
-Central neurogenic: stroke, brain injuries, dementia, Parkinson's disease, tumors of the brain stem, SLA, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, poliomyelitis, syphilis.
-Peripheral neurogenic: peripheral neuropathy (Diabetes), myasthenia gravis.
-Muscles: polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, muscular dystrophy, Achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, LES hypertonia, Scleroderma
-Obstructive pulmonary disease: tumors, abscesses, Zenker diverticulum, Esophageal diverticula, extrinsic cervical masses, Mediastinal disorders, vascular disorders, cervical spondylosis, cicatricial esophageal rings, foreign bodies.
Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are lymphatic organ which is part of Waldeyer's ring and ’ are placed in the posterior wall of the nasopharyngeal cable, Anatomic area that connects the nasal cavity and oropharynx ’ where l drain the auditory tube tube. Given the small size of the bones of the child the nasopharyngeal cable has a greatly reduced volume than that of adult ’, also given the increased activity of lymphatic tissue in children volume adenoids is greater than that of adult ’. We understand how much easier it can occupy the adenoid tissue nasopharyngeal cable in the child. Adenoid tissue in children is physiologically hypertrophy but we speak of adenoid hypertrophy real when l ’ dimensions given lymphatic tissue causing problems.
L ’ outer ear physiologically produces ceruminose secretions that protect it from infection and microtrauma. Earwax is spontaneously spontaneously delivered from the skin to the outer ’ where will later be removed with normal hygiene. Earwax mingling to de-epithelialised skin can build up causing the dreaded Earwax plugs. Some people are very prone to the formation of earwax plugs, are known risk factors: l ’ hypersecretion of earwax, l ’ use of cotton buds (crushing Cerumen toward the eardrum), l ’ routine use of earphones, diseases that cause increased skin de ’ (keratitis, Psoriasis), narrow ear canal or shrink from osteomas and Exostosis. Also with age ear wax tends to be harder and so it is more prone to the formation of caps with ’ advancing years. Ear cerumen has a particular feature: is hygroscopic, namely swells when it's wet with water. And’ frequent that patients report feeling much less, suddenly, After taking a shower. Earwax plugs can give various symptoms: conductive hearing loss, autophony (hear their voices reverberate), Tinnitus, pain (ear pain) If they appear over infections. A simple otoscopy enables you to diagnose Cap. There are different techniques to remove plug of earwax. The simplest and the least disturbing to the patient is to resort to washing earphones: a jet of water ’ (at body temperature) sprayed in the external ear canal insinuates itself between the skin and Earwax him taking it off from. In the event that you suspect a ’ infection (already have pain) or there is a known perforation of tympanic basolateral or any other condition of ’ ears,or washing is however not recommended. You can remove the Earwax with hooks, Anse, spatulas, Hartmann's pliers or with suction under careful Visual inspection.
